Ubiquity Presstech@ubiquitypress.com20260404T052148Generated by RUA metadata exporter

hup-18-e-15-978-952-369-046-2030115978-952-369-046-20610.33134/HUP-1201internal-reference1800BCB20210025.83in030.68in080.87964442538lb018.27inCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/0101Culture and History in the Pacific1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng003020323User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology23User DefinedHistory12art12canoes12gender roles12exchange12folk music12kinship12leadership12performance12petroglyphs12seafaring12Oceania12Cook Islands12Easter Island12Hawaiʻi12Indonesia12Papua New Guinea12Tonga10SOC00201010SOC00300010SOC01100093JHMC93NK93JBGB010110300Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays originally published in 1990. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time, such as the relationship between anthropologists’ representations and local conceptions. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting, the end of the Cold War era, and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship. The authors of Culture and History in the Pacific include prominent anthropologists of the Pacific, some of whom – Roger Keesing and Marilyn Strathern, to name but two – have also been influential in the anthropology of the late 20th and early 21st century in general.20200Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays by eminent anthropologists originally published in 1990. The authors represent several academic traditions and different areal discussions during the Cold War era. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship.30400Preface to the Second Edition Crossing Borders: Changing Contexts of This Book Introduction History and the representation of Polynesian societies Artefacts of history: Events and the interpretation of images Diarchy and history in Hawaiʻi and Tonga Under the Toa tree: The genealogy of the Tongan Chiefs Chiefs, gender and hierarchy in Ngāpūtoru Class and social differentiation in Oceania New lessons from old shells: Changing perspectives on the Kula Gift exchange and the construction of identity ‘Canoe traffic’ of the Torres Strait and Fly Estuary Cultural history of the Pacific and the bark cloth making in Central Sulawesi The material culture of music performance on Manihiki The ‘golden section’ on Kitawa Island Decipherment of the Easter Island script43000Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays originally published in 1990. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time, such as the relationship between anthropologists’ representations and local conceptions. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting, the end of the Cold War era, and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship. The authors of Culture and History in the Pacific include prominent anthropologists of the Pacific, some of whom – Roger Keesing and Marilyn Strathern, to name but two – have also been influential in the anthropology of the late 20th and early 21st century in general.52000Open Access01000302https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-hup/files/media/cover_images/82a2e803-73b9-4d52-80d0-f26be995eaca.png1030610.33134/HUP-12-1Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Preface to the Second Edition1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology12art12canoes12gender roles12exchange12folk music12kinship12leadership12performance12petroglyphs12seafaring12Oceania12Cook Islands12Easter Island12Hawaiʻi12Indonesia12Papua New Guinea12Tonga12000Open Access2030610.33134/HUP-12-2Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Crossing Borders: Changing Contexts of This Book1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology12Oceania12historical anthropology12history of anthropology12indigeneity12Melanesia12Micronesia12Pacific studies12Polynesia12representation12Soviet anthropology12000Open Access3030610.33134/HUP-12-3Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Introduction1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology12art12canoes12gender roles12exchange12folk music12kinship12leadership12performance12petroglyphs12seafaring12Oceania12Cook Islands12Easter Island12Hawaiʻi12Indonesia12Papua New Guinea12Tonga12000Open Access4030610.33134/HUP-12-4Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101History and the representation of Polynesian societies1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12history12Polynesia12representation12culture12oral culture12writing12000Open Access5030610.33134/HUP-12-5Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Artefacts of history: Events and the interpretation of images1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12history12Papua New Guinea12Melanesia12event12image12interpretation12material culture12social change12structure12000Open Access6030610.33134/HUP-12-6Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Diarchy and history in Hawaiʻi and Tonga1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12leadership12Hawaiʻi12Tonga12Polynesia12diarchy12monarchy12rank12000Open Access7030610.33134/HUP-12-7Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Under the Toa tree: The genealogy of the Tongan Chiefs1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12Tonga12historical anthropology12monarchy12chiefs12divinity12dualism12genealogy12populism12000Open Access8030610.33134/HUP-12-8Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Chiefs, gender and hierarchy in Ngāpūtoru1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12gender roles12leadership12Cook Islands12historical anthropology12rank12chiefs12genealogy12000Open Access9030610.33134/HUP-12-9Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Class and social differentiation in Oceania1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12leadership12Papua New Guinea12Melanesia12Polynesia12rank12chiefs12stratification12000Open Access10030610.33134/HUP-12-10Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101New lessons from old shells: Changing perspectives on the Kula1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12exchange12Papua New Guinea12alterity12Kula12Massim12Trobriand Islands12Oritentalism12Otherness12000Open Access11030610.33134/HUP-12-11Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Gift exchange and the construction of identity1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12exchange12Papua New Guinea12rank12Massim12identity12inalienability12Rossel Island12reciprocity12shell money12000Open Access12030610.33134/HUP-12-12Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101‘Canoe traffic’ of the Torres Strait and Fly Estuary1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12canoes12exchange12kinship12seafaring12Papua New Guinea12material culture12Australia12museums12Torres Strait12000Open Access13030610.33134/HUP-12-13Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Cultural history of the Pacific and the bark cloth making in Central Sulawesi1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12Indonesia12material culture12Austronesians12bark cloth12cultural history12Sulawesi12000Open Access14030610.33134/HUP-12-14Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101The material culture of music performance on Manihiki1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12performance12Cook Islands12material culture12ethnomusicology12dance12Manihiki12music12place12000Open Access15030610.33134/HUP-12-15Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101The ‘golden section’ on Kitawa Island1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12canoes12Papua New Guinea12material culture12Kula12Massim12aesthetics12anthropology of art12Kitawa12woodcarving12000Open Access16030610.33134/HUP-12-16Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Decipherment of the Easter Island script1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User Definedarchaeology12petroglyphs12Easter Island12genealogy12archaeology12rongorongo12Rapanui12script12000Open Access01URLhttps://hup.fiHelsinki University Press01Helsinki University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://hup.fi02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://hup.fi/books/e/10.33134/HUP-12Helsinki040120210929The Author(s)02WORLD0615978-952-369-047-9WORLD11Unknown20082021092908hup-18-e-15-978-952-369-047-9030115978-952-369-047-90610.33134/HUP-1201internal-reference1800EBE10710Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/0101Culture and History in the Pacific1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng003020323User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology23User DefinedHistory12art12canoes12gender roles12exchange12folk music12kinship12leadership12performance12petroglyphs12seafaring12Oceania12Cook Islands12Easter Island12Hawaiʻi12Indonesia12Papua New Guinea12Tonga10SOC00201010SOC00300010SOC01100093JHMC93NK93JBGB010110300Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays originally published in 1990. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time, such as the relationship between anthropologists’ representations and local conceptions. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting, the end of the Cold War era, and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship. The authors of Culture and History in the Pacific include prominent anthropologists of the Pacific, some of whom – Roger Keesing and Marilyn Strathern, to name but two – have also been influential in the anthropology of the late 20th and early 21st century in general.20200Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays by eminent anthropologists originally published in 1990. The authors represent several academic traditions and different areal discussions during the Cold War era. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship.30400Preface to the Second Edition Crossing Borders: Changing Contexts of This Book Introduction History and the representation of Polynesian societies Artefacts of history: Events and the interpretation of images Diarchy and history in Hawaiʻi and Tonga Under the Toa tree: The genealogy of the Tongan Chiefs Chiefs, gender and hierarchy in Ngāpūtoru Class and social differentiation in Oceania New lessons from old shells: Changing perspectives on the Kula Gift exchange and the construction of identity ‘Canoe traffic’ of the Torres Strait and Fly Estuary Cultural history of the Pacific and the bark cloth making in Central Sulawesi The material culture of music performance on Manihiki The ‘golden section’ on Kitawa Island Decipherment of the Easter Island script43000Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays originally published in 1990. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time, such as the relationship between anthropologists’ representations and local conceptions. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting, the end of the Cold War era, and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship. The authors of Culture and History in the Pacific include prominent anthropologists of the Pacific, some of whom – Roger Keesing and Marilyn Strathern, to name but two – have also been influential in the anthropology of the late 20th and early 21st century in general.52000Open Access01000302https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-hup/files/media/cover_images/82a2e803-73b9-4d52-80d0-f26be995eaca.png1030610.33134/HUP-12-1Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Preface to the Second Edition1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology12art12canoes12gender roles12exchange12folk music12kinship12leadership12performance12petroglyphs12seafaring12Oceania12Cook Islands12Easter Island12Hawaiʻi12Indonesia12Papua New Guinea12Tonga12000Open Access2030610.33134/HUP-12-2Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Crossing Borders: Changing Contexts of This Book1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology12Oceania12historical anthropology12history of anthropology12indigeneity12Melanesia12Micronesia12Pacific studies12Polynesia12representation12Soviet anthropology12000Open Access3030610.33134/HUP-12-3Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Introduction1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User DefinedSocial and cultural anthropology23User DefinedEthnology12art12canoes12gender roles12exchange12folk music12kinship12leadership12performance12petroglyphs12seafaring12Oceania12Cook Islands12Easter Island12Hawaiʻi12Indonesia12Papua New Guinea12Tonga12000Open Access4030610.33134/HUP-12-4Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101History and the representation of Polynesian societies1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12history12Polynesia12representation12culture12oral culture12writing12000Open Access5030610.33134/HUP-12-5Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Artefacts of history: Events and the interpretation of images1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12history12Papua New Guinea12Melanesia12event12image12interpretation12material culture12social change12structure12000Open Access6030610.33134/HUP-12-6Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Diarchy and history in Hawaiʻi and Tonga1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12leadership12Hawaiʻi12Tonga12Polynesia12diarchy12monarchy12rank12000Open Access7030610.33134/HUP-12-7Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Under the Toa tree: The genealogy of the Tongan Chiefs1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12Tonga12historical anthropology12monarchy12chiefs12divinity12dualism12genealogy12populism12000Open Access8030610.33134/HUP-12-8Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Chiefs, gender and hierarchy in Ngāpūtoru1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12gender roles12leadership12Cook Islands12historical anthropology12rank12chiefs12genealogy12000Open Access9030610.33134/HUP-12-9Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Class and social differentiation in Oceania1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12leadership12Papua New Guinea12Melanesia12Polynesia12rank12chiefs12stratification12000Open Access10030610.33134/HUP-12-10Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101New lessons from old shells: Changing perspectives on the Kula1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12exchange12Papua New Guinea12alterity12Kula12Massim12Trobriand Islands12Oritentalism12Otherness12000Open Access11030610.33134/HUP-12-11Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Gift exchange and the construction of identity1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12exchange12Papua New Guinea12rank12Massim12identity12inalienability12Rossel Island12reciprocity12shell money12000Open Access12030610.33134/HUP-12-12Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101‘Canoe traffic’ of the Torres Strait and Fly Estuary1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12canoes12exchange12kinship12seafaring12Papua New Guinea12material culture12Australia12museums12Torres Strait12000Open Access13030610.33134/HUP-12-13Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Cultural history of the Pacific and the bark cloth making in Central Sulawesi1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12Indonesia12material culture12Austronesians12bark cloth12cultural history12Sulawesi12000Open Access14030610.33134/HUP-12-14Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101The material culture of music performance on Manihiki1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12performance12Cook Islands12material culture12ethnomusicology12dance12Manihiki12music12place12000Open Access15030610.33134/HUP-12-15Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101The ‘golden section’ on Kitawa Island1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng12canoes12Papua New Guinea12material culture12Kula12Massim12aesthetics12anthropology of art12Kitawa12woodcarving12000Open Access16030610.33134/HUP-12-16Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Chapter0101Decipherment of the Easter Island script1B01Jukka SiikalaJukkaSiikalaUniversity of HelsinkiJukka Siikala is Professor Emeritus of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki. Specializing on the Pacific since the mid-1970s, Siikala has conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the Cook Islands first in 1983–1984, later in the 1980s and 1990s as well as fieldwork with Cook Island migrants in New Zealand. Central themes in Siikala's research are the focus on culture and textuality, for example recitation and recording of genealogies, and interactions between indigenous hierarchies, state institutions and the global system. He has edited a number of volumes, such as Departures: How Societies Distribute their People (2001) and published a multitude of articles internationally and in Finnish. He is the author of two monographs of the Cook Islands, Akatokamanāva: Myth, History and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (1991) and Return to Culture: Oral Tradition and Society in the Southern Cook Islands (2005) together with Anna-Leena Siikala.01eng23User Definedarchaeology12petroglyphs12Easter Island12genealogy12archaeology12rongorongo12Rapanui12script12000Open Access01URLhttps://hup.fiHelsinki University Press01Helsinki University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://hup.fi02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://hup.fi/books/e/10.33134/HUP-12Helsinki040120210929The Author(s)02WORLD0615978-952-369-046-2WORLD11Unknown36Supplier’s website for a specified workhttps://hup.fi29Supplier’s website: download the titlehttps://hup.fi/books/18/files/1f2896b7-f4ce-4f65-b939-5a79e4813912.pdf20082021092901